Happy birthday M1! The UK's oldest motorway turns 65 - but do drivers love it or hate it today?

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This weekend marks a major milestone for the nation's road network.

It is 65 years to the day that the M1 - the UK's first cross-country motorway - officially opened and welcomed traffic to its tarmac. 

The first 73-mile stretch between Watford and Rugby was completed on Monday 2 November 1959 having taken 19 months to construct.

But do drivers love it or loathe the M1 today? Use our map infographic to find out how it ranks in the order of England's 14 major motorways based on motorists' feedback about congestion, potholes and safety.

Happy 65 years to the M1: These are some of the first vehicles to use the 73-mile M1 when it opened on 2 November 1959. But what do drivers make of it today?

During the first year it was open, 20,000 motorists used it each day. Fast forward to 2024 and daily traffic volumes on the M1 have increased seven times over to between 130,000 and 140,000 vehicles

The M1 now runs for 193 miles linking London to Leeds and has long been recognised as the North-South gateway.

It was constructed in four phases with the final part completed in 1999. 

There's much debate about which is the UK 'first' motorway, given the Preston Bypass was opened a year earlier in 1958. However, it originally stretched a mere eight miles before forming part of the M6 in 1964, which is why the M1 is widely recognised as the initial cross-country route.

Transport minister Ernest Marples had the great honour of declaring it open in 1959 to spearhead a major national development and boost to the economy, providing direct transport links never experienced before in Britain.

Prior to construction of the UKs motorway network, drivers relied on a series of A roads which went through towns and villages, these were often single carriageway and commonly subject to congestion.

However, the motorway drivers experienced for the first time on 2 November some 65 years ago is very different to the M1 we drive up and down today. 

2nd November 1959: Transport Minister Ernest Marples on a road bridge near the London end of the newly opened M1 motorway

This image from the day of the M1's inauguration shows Marples using a police radio telephone to order County Police to open up the M1 motorway to traffic

Ernest Marples, the Minister of Transport (pointing) discusses Britain's first motorway with Sir Owen Williams

A workman sweeps rubble off part of the new M1 at the then-longest straight section - it spanned six miles near Dunstable. Construction of 73-mile initial stretch of the M1 took 19 months to complete

Traffic seen using the M1 near Luton in Bedfordshire on the day the motorway opened

A group of children sit on the verge watching traffic pass on the M1. When it opened, there was no speed limit. That wasn't introduced until 1967

The M1's arrival in 1959 spearheaded a major national development and boost to the economy, providing direct transport links never experienced before in Britain. This image shows the Broughton roundabout at the junction with the Dunstable and Newport Pagnell roads

People marvel at the fast-moving traffic from a bridge over the newly-opened first section of the M1 motorway on 2 November 1959

This is a driver's eye view from inside a car travelling along the first stretch of the new M1 motorway. Lighting wasn't added to the M1 until 1973, along with the first crash barriers

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When it opened it had no speed limit, crash barriers, or lights, and had soft verges rather than hard shoulders.

A speed limit of 70mph was first trialled in December 1965 for a four-month period and then rolled out permanently from 1967. Lighting and tensioned safety barriers didn't come until 1973.

In the 1960s, the M1's Watford Gap Services became something of a celebrity hangout. A-listers including the Beatles, Jimi Hendrix and the Rolling Stones often visited to take advantage of its 24-hour service while London's pubs shut at 23:00 on the dot. 

Today, there are 12 service stations on the M1. 

During the first year it was open, 20,000 motorists used it each day. Fast forward to 2024 and daily traffic volumes on the M1 have increased seven times over to between 130,000 and 140,000 vehicles.

Like congestion levels, breakdowns have also risen, despite the arrival of more dependable new vehicles. 

The AA says that around 14,000 drivers were assisted on the M1 in its first year of operation by its fleet of Land Rover patrols coordinated from a special Mobile Operations Centre at Newport Pagnell. 

Last year, the breakdown provider attended 15,000 call outs on the motorway. 

Despite the significant increase in callouts, the main causes of drivers breaking down at the side of the M1 haven't changed in the last 65 years; engine trouble, tyre issues and flat batteries are the still top of the list for problems.

This photo from 1965 shows the new 70mph speed limit signs on the approach to the M1. The speed limit was made permanent in 1967

This image from 1971 shows the M1 looking very different to how it is today. Lighting was not installed on the motorway until 1973

The M1 has also seen its fair share of tragedy.

On 8 January 1989, a Boeing 737 crashed onto the embankment while attempting an emergency landing at East Midlands Airport.

No drivers were injured or road vehicles damaged, however, 47 passengers on board the aircraft were killed and a further 74 passengers and crew members were seriously injured. 

Tragedy: The Kegworth air disaster occurred when British Midland Airways Flight 092, a Boeing 737-400, crashed onto the motorway embankment between the M1 motorway and A453 road near Kegworth

The pilot had attempted to make an emergency landing at East Midlands Airport on 8 January 1989 during a scheduled flight from London Heathrow Airport to Belfast International Airport. A malfunction had triggered an engine fire

Of the 126 people aboard the passenger plane, 47 died and 74 sustained serious injuries. No motorists were injured and not one vehicle on the M1 damaged

Closures have been sporadic throughout the years.

In April 1997, the M1 was closed due to an IRA bomb threat. And just over one year later, extended sections of the northbound carriageway were shut between London and Northampton to allow for the funeral procession of Diana, Princess of Wales to Althorp.

In an unprecedented event, police allowed pedestrians onto the normally busy motorway almost the entire length of the closed route to pay their respects.

Closures have been sporadic throughout the years, too. In April 1997, the M1 was closed due to an IRA bomb threat

The M1 was closed to traffic - but not to the public - on Saturday 6 September 1997 to allow for the funeral procession of Diana, Princess of Wales to Althorp. A woman is pictured throwing flowers towards the hearse as crowds gather at junction 15 of the M1 motorway to pay their respects

The Princess' funeral sparked an unprecedented event when the police allowed pedestrians onto the normally busy motorway almost the entire length of the closed route to pay their respects

Crowds gathered almost the entire length of the closed stretch of M1 motorway awaiting the funeral cortege of Diana, Princess of Wales, in September 1997

Issues around the M1 have also caused major disruption on the busy motorway.

On 11 December 2005, an 18-mile stretch had to be shut following a major explosion and fire at the Buncefield Oil Depot which is less than half a mile from the busy motorway.

One significant temporary closure followed in June 2007 when the junctions 32 to 36 had to be closed for a number of days after the Ulley Reservoir developed cracks after being deluged by heavy rainfall, triggering fears it could flood the M1.

A year later, on 24 August 2008, part of the motorway close to Tinsley Viaduct was closed to allow safe demolition of the Tinsley cooling towers. The M1 remained closed for much of the day until the stability of the viaduct was confirmed.

A fire at Buncefield fuel depot in Hemel Hempstead triggered the closure of the M1 in December 2005

This image shows smoke from the fire following the explosions at Buncefield Fuel Depot over the M1 motorway, which had to be closed

In June 2007, junctions 32 to 36 of the M1 in Yorkshire had to be closed for a number of days after the Ulley Reservoir developed cracks after being deluged by heavy rainfall, triggering fears it could flood the motorway 

24 August 2008: The Tinsley cooling towers come crashing to the ground after standing next to the M1 motorway in Sheffield for 70 years

As well as becoming Britain's first motorway, another significant landmark came in 2009 when the M1 introduced the first stretch of 'Smart Motorway' between Luton South and the M25.

Now, 120 miles of the M1 is subject to some form of smart motorway rules with variable speed limits.

The AA says it had severe reservations about smart motorways in 2009, and still has them today. It says 81 per cent of its members want to see them scrapped.

As well as becoming Britain's first motorway, another significant landmark came in 2009 when the M1 introduced the first stretch of 'Smart Motorway', with sections converted to make the hard shoulder a live lane to ease congestion

Today, some 120 miles of the M1 is subject to some form of smart motorway rules with variable speed limits

The M1 now runs for 193 miles linking London to Leeds and has long been recognised as the North-South gateway

Edmund King, AA President, said the M1 has been 'the backbone of British motoring for 65 years'. 

He added: 'Whilst it has its issues, people forget or don't realise what it was like before our major motorways were constructed. 

'The construction of the M1 led to more freight moving to road enabling easier North to South delivery routes. 

'Major towns and cities were congested, and journey times were much higher than they are today. However, more than half of motorists said congestion on the M1 is a major issue for them.

'The M1 transformed mobility in the UK – it enabled families to visit relatives in far-flung parts of the country which would have taken many more hours to get to and led to the expansion of motorway network we recognise today.'

National Highways, the Government-owned company responsible for the nation's motorway network, said the M1 is 'a key artery of the UK's road network'.

A spokesperson told the BBC: 'Sixty-five years on, the motorway continues to support the British economy and moves goods and people to places around the country.

'The improvements we are making now will keep road users safer and ensure it lasts for years to come.'

How do drivers feel about the M1 today? The AA ran its own poll to survey motorists about the motorway, however, a more extensive annual report by Transport Focus scores it against 13 other 'M' roads to see where it ranks in the hearts and minds of British drivers

Do drivers love or hate the M1 today?

To coincide with the M1's 65-year anniversary, the AA surveyed 7,428 motorists who have driven on it in the last 12 months about their general perspective of the motorway today. 

They were asked for their impressions of the congestion; road condition; road markings; signage; lighting; quality of service areas; and litter.

Over half (60 per cent) responded that congestion is poor; a third say that the road condition is poor, but nearly half (48 per cent) think the signage is excellent.

But how does the M1 rank against other motorways in England? 

The survey quizzed more than 9,100 road users about their last journey on a motorway or major A road in England - all of which are managed by National Highways. The M1 was 17th out of 27 routes in total - and 10th out of 14 for just motorways

An annual survey of more than 9,000 drivers carried out by independent watchdog Transport Focus earlier this year put it closer towards the bottom of the order.

Like the AA poll, motorists were asked to score each motorway and A-road across the following categories: overall satisfaction; journey time; road surface; road management; feeling safe; and road markings.

Of the 14 motorways scored by motorists, the M1 was tenth with an overall score of 69 per cent, suggesting it's very much the middle of the road in the eyes of the nation's drivers.

It scored well for making drivers feel safe (77 per cent) and its signage (77 per cent) but was heavily weighed down for its poor performance for the volume and management of roadworks with a rating of just 39 per cent. 

One driver blasted the M1, saying: 'Endless 50mph average speed, no night work being carried out in road works, additional speed restrictions out with the roadworks, matrix signs stating non existent hazards.'

Another told the survey the M1 was suffering 'long sections of road works slowing traffic' and said they had to 'constantly avoid potholes or poorly repaired potholes'.

One driver was far more positive, though: 'My second favourite motorway; first is the M40, of course.'

And many of the other drivers who responded to the poll agreed. 

The M40, which spans 89 miles and links London, Oxford, and Birmingham, was the motorway that received highest marks as road users gave it 79 per cent, with one even stating: 'It is one of the few motorways that has few delays when I travel on it.'

Motorists rated the M42 as England's worst motorway in the annual report.

The 40-mile-long stretch, which connects Birmingham with the likes of Nottingham, Solihull, Tamworth and Redditch, was ranked last in the survey with a satisfaction score of just 56 per cent.

Unfortunately for the M42, the poll of 9,166 road users was carried out at the end of March, which coincided with major roadworks taking place on the busy section around Birmingham Airport, which likely weighed on drivers' opinion about the road.

*You can read the full results in our in-depth coverage of the 2024 report.